Characterization is the process of analyzing and understanding the properties and behavior of materials and substances at a microscopic and macroscopic level. This research area aims to identify and study the various physical, chemical, mechanical, and structural properties of different materials in order to gain insights into their performance, functionality, and potential applications. Characterization techniques can include microscopy, spectroscopy, thermal analysis, surface analysis, and mechanical testing, among others. By characterizing materials, researchers can better understand their composition, structure, and properties, which can lead to improved design, development, and optimization of new materials for various industries such as manufacturing, healthcare, and electronics.