Proteoforms refer to the different molecular forms or variants of a protein that arise from a single gene due to processes such as alternative splicing, post-translational modifications, or single nucleotide polymorphisms. These proteoforms can have distinct biochemical properties, functions, and roles in various biological processes, making them important targets for studying disease mechanisms, biomarker discovery, and personalized medicine. Characterizing and understanding proteoforms is crucial for gaining a comprehensive understanding of the proteome and its role in health and disease.