Percolation is a mathematical model that examines the behavior of random systems, particularly in the context of phase transitions. In percolation theory, random networks, such as a grid of interconnected sites, are studied to understand when a connection path exists between two points on the network. This can help to describe phenomena such as the flow of a liquid through a porous material, the spread of disease through a population, or the conductivity of a material. Percolation theory has applications in a wide range of fields, including physics, biology, and computer science.