Microglia are a type of immune cells in the central nervous system that play a key role in maintaining brain health and functioning. They act as the primary form of active immune defense in the brain, monitoring the brain environment and responding to injury or disease by releasing inflammatory molecules and engulfing pathogens or damaged cells. Research on microglia is focused on understanding their role in neuroinflammation, neuroprotection, synaptic pruning, and neurogenesis. Dysfunction of microglia has been implicated in various neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and autism spectrum disorders. Studying microglia could lead to potential therapeutic strategies for treating these disorders and promoting brain health.