ENSO, or El Niño-Southern Oscillation, is a climate phenomenon characterized by periodic fluctuations in sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. It has significant impacts on weather patterns and climate across the globe, leading to extreme events such as droughts, floods, and hurricanes. Research in the field of ENSO focuses on understanding the underlying causes of these fluctuations, predicting the timing and intensity of ENSO events, and studying the potential impacts on different regions of the world. Scientists use a combination of observations, computer models, and statistical analysis to better understand this complex phenomenon and improve our ability to forecast its effects. Additionally, research in this area aims to explore the linkages between ENSO and other climate patterns, such as the Indian Ocean Dipole and the Madden-Julian Oscillation, to further enhance our understanding of global climate dynamics.