Astigmatism is a common refractive error that occurs when the cornea or lens of the eye has an irregular shape, causing blurred or distorted vision at both near and far distances. This condition can often be corrected with eyeglasses, contact lenses, or surgery, depending on the severity. Astigmatism can occur on its own or in combination with other refractive errors such as nearsightedness or farsightedness. Research in the field of astigmatism focuses on understanding the causes, risk factors, and effective treatment options for this condition. Studies may investigate how genetics, eye structure, and environmental factors contribute to astigmatism, as well as the development of new diagnostic tools and treatment methods to improve outcomes for individuals with this refractive error.