Vaccines are biological preparations that stimulate the immune system to produce immunity to a specific disease, typically by introducing a weakened or inactivated form of the pathogen. Vaccines have been a pivotal tool in preventing and controlling infectious diseases, leading to the eradication of diseases such as smallpox and near-elimination of others like polio. Research in the field of vaccines focuses on developing new vaccines for emerging infectious diseases, improving existing vaccines, understanding immune responses to vaccination, and addressing vaccine hesitancy and misinformation. Vaccines play a crucial role in public health by protecting individuals and communities from infectious diseases.