Urolithiasis is the medical term for kidney stones, which are hard mineral and salt deposits that form in the kidneys and can cause pain, discomfort, and other complications. This condition affects millions of people worldwide and can be caused by various factors such as dehydration, dietary factors, genetics, and underlying medical conditions. Treatment for urolithiasis may include pain management, hydration, dietary changes, and in some cases, minimally invasive procedures to remove the stones. Research in urolithiasis aims to better understand the causes and risk factors for kidney stone formation, improve diagnosis and treatment options, and prevent recurrence of stones.