Sumoylation is a post-translational modification process in which small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) proteins are covalently attached to target proteins, altering their function, localization, or stability. Sumoylation plays a critical role in a variety of cellular processes, including transcriptional regulation, DNA repair, protein localization, and signal transduction. Dysregulation of sumoylation has been implicated in various diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and viral infections. Research in the field of sumoylation aims to elucidate the specific functions and molecular mechanisms of sumoylation, as well as to develop potential therapeutic strategies targeting sumoylation pathways.