Simulation models are mathematical representations or computer programs that mimic real-world systems or processes in order to predict or analyze their behavior. These models are used in a wide range of fields, including engineering, economics, environmental science, and social sciences. Simulation models can be used to study complex systems, test different scenarios, optimize processes, and make informed decisions without the need for costly and time-consuming real-world experiments. They are particularly useful for situations where conducting real-world experiments is impractical, unethical, or impossible. By using simulation models, researchers can gain valuable insights and knowledge about systems and processes that would otherwise be difficult to study.