Modernization refers to the process of societal and cultural change that occurs as a society undergoes industrialization and other forms of technological advancement. This process often involves the adoption of new technologies, systems, and practices that lead to improvements in various aspects of society, such as infrastructure, education, healthcare, and government services. Modernization is typically associated with economic growth, increased urbanization, and the shift towards a more industrialized and globalized economy. Research in modernization often focuses on understanding the factors and dynamics that drive these social changes, as well as the impacts they have on individuals, communities, and societies as a whole.