Magnetism is the phenomenon by which materials exert attractive or repulsive forces on other materials due to the motion of electric charges within them. It is a fundamental property of matter and is present in all materials to some degree. Magnetism plays a crucial role in a wide range of scientific disciplines, including physics, chemistry, and materials science. Researchers study magnetism to understand the behavior of magnetic materials, develop new technologies such as magnetic storage devices and sensors, and investigate the fundamental principles underlying magnetic interactions. Key topics in magnetism research include the study of magnetic materials, magnetic fields, magnetic domains, and magnetic phenomena such as ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and superparamagnetism.