The ionosphere is a region of Earth's upper atmosphere, located between 60 to 1000 kilometers above the Earth's surface, that is ionized by solar and cosmic radiation. It plays a crucial role in radio wave propagation, global communication, and navigation systems such as GPS. The ionosphere is a complex and dynamic layer that undergoes constant changes due to solar activity, geomagnetic storms, and other factors. Scientists study the ionosphere to better understand its impact on communication technologies and to improve the accuracy of GPS systems.