Interferons are a group of signaling proteins that are produced by the immune system in response to viral infections, certain cancers, and other immune stimuli. They play a key role in the body's defense against pathogens by inhibiting viral replication, activating immune cells, and increasing the expression of proteins that help cells resist infection. Interferons have been studied extensively for their therapeutic potential in treating viral infections, autoimmune diseases, and certain types of cancer. Research in this area focuses on understanding the mechanisms by which interferons function and developing new therapeutic interventions that target the interferon pathway.