Gallstones are hardened deposits that form in the gallbladder, typically made of cholesterol or bilirubin. These stones can cause pain and other symptoms, and are a common medical condition that can lead to complications such as inflammation of the gallbladder or blockage of the bile duct. Research in this area focuses on understanding the causes of gallstone formation, identifying risk factors, developing new diagnostic tools, and improving treatment options for patients with gallstones. Studies may also explore the role of diet, genetics, and lifestyle factors in the development of gallstones.