Calculations in research involve applying mathematical formulas and statistical techniques to analyze data, draw conclusions, and make predictions. This can include calculating averages, percentages, correlations, regression analyses, t-tests, chi-square tests, and other statistical measures. Calculations are used in various fields of research, such as psychology, economics, biology, and social sciences, to quantify relationships, patterns, and trends in data sets. They help researchers to interpret their findings, assess the significance of their results, and make informed decisions based on empirical evidence.