Calibration techniques involve adjusting and fine-tuning instruments or devices to ensure their measurements are accurate and reliable. This process involves comparing the readings of a device with a known standard or reference value and making adjustments to correct any discrepancies. Calibration techniques are commonly used in various industries, such as manufacturing, healthcare, and environmental monitoring, to ensure the quality and accuracy of measurements taken by instruments. Some common calibration techniques include zero-point calibration, span calibration, multi-point calibration, and linearity calibration. These techniques help to maintain the accuracy and consistency of measurements across different devices and ensure reliable results in research and practical applications.